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<title>Stephen Roskill</title>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline-block;"><a href="Captain_(Royal_Navy)" title="Captain (Royal Navy)">Captain</a></div><br><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Stephen Roskill</div><br><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline-block;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_Kingdom)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)">DSC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Stephen Wentworth Roskill</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1 August 1903<br><a href="London" title="London">London</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 November 1982 (aged 79)<br><a href="Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, Cambridgeshire, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1917–1949</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Captain_(Royal_Navy)" title="Captain (Royal Navy)">Captain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a><br><a href="Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_Kingdom)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)">Distinguished Service Cross</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Eustace_Roskill%2C_Baron_Roskill" title="Eustace Roskill, Baron Roskill">Eustace Roskill, Baron Roskill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Other work</th><td class="infobox-data">Royal Navy Official Historian of the Second World War<br>Senior Research Fellow at <a href="Churchill_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Churchill College">Churchill College</a>, <a href="Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Stephen Wentworth Roskill</b> (1 August 1903 – 4 November 1982) was a senior career <a href="Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officer</a> of the <a href="Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, serving during the <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> and, after his retirement, served as the official historian of the Royal Navy from 1949 to 1960. He is now chiefly remembered as a prodigious author of books on British <a href="Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">maritime history</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naval_career">Naval career</h2></div>

<p>The son of John Henry Roskill, K.C. a <a href="Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a>, and Sybil Dilke, Stephen Roskill was born in <a href="London%2C_England" class="mw-redirect" title="London, England">London, England</a> and joined the Royal Navy in 1917, attending the <a href="Royal_Naval_College%2C_Osborne" title="Royal Naval College, Osborne">Royal Naval College</a> at <a href="Osborne_House" title="Osborne House">Osborne House</a> and then the <a href="Britannia_Royal_Naval_College" title="Britannia Royal Naval College">Royal Naval College</a> at <a href="Dartmouth%2C_Devon" title="Dartmouth, Devon">Dartmouth, Devon</a>. As a <a href="Midshipman" title="Midshipman">midshipman</a> Roskill served on the <a href="Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruiser</a> <a href="HMS_Durban" title="HMS Durban"><i>Durban</i></a> on the <a href="China_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="China Station">China Station</a> before returning to study <a href="Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">gunnery</a>, navigation, torpedoes and other subjects at <a href="Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a> and <a href="Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>.

</p><p>On 22 October, 1926, when he was a Sub-Lieutenant of HMS <i>Wistaria</i> (since 29 June, 1925), based at the <a href="Royal_Naval_Dockyard%2C_Bermuda" title="Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda">Royal Naval Dockyard</a> in the <a href="Imperial_fortress" title="Imperial fortress">Imperial fortress</a> <a href="British_Overseas_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British Overseas Territory">colony</a> of <a href="Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> on the <a href="North_America_and_West_Indies_Station" title="North America and West Indies Station">America and West Indies Station</a>, Roskill assisted in rescuing <a href="HMS_Calcutta_(D82)" title="HMS Calcutta (D82)">HMS Calcutta</a> from almost certain destruction during the <a href="1926_Havana%E2%80%93Bermuda_hurricane" title="1926 Havana–Bermuda hurricane">1926 Havana–Bermuda hurricane</a>. The dockface (or "the wall") in the South Yard and old North Yard of the Bermudian dockyard are on the eastern (<a href="Great_Sound" title="Great Sound">Great Sound</a>) shore of the island of <a href="Ireland_Island%2C_Bermuda" title="Ireland Island, Bermuda">Ireland</a> (with the western shore on the open North Atlantic). <i>Calcutta</i> was tied (bow to the North) to the wall at the oiling wharf (at the northern end of the South Yard), where, during an unusually high tide, she was more exposed to the wind blowing eastward over the island, than she would have been in the more sheltered North Yard (where <a href="HMS_Capetown_(D88)" title="HMS Capetown (D88)">HMS <i>Capetown</i></a> tore up two bollards but otherwise rode out the storm safely), so forty hawsers were used to lash her to the shore, but all snapped when the windspeed reached 138 mph (the highest speed recorded before the storm destroyed the dockyard's anemometer). Fortunately, the bow anchor had been dropped, and held as the stern was swung around to the westward, into the channel (the entrance to the dockyard from the Great Sound) between the two breakwaters that protected the two sections of the dockyard, and the starboard beam of the ship contacted the end of the northern breakwater. <i>Calcutta</i> used her propulsion system to fight the wind that would have driven her backwards into the sound, and Executive Officer Commander HM Maltby and fifty other crew members jumped onto the breakwater and lashed the ship to the end of the breakwater, while Roskill, and Sub-Lieutenant Conrad Alers-Hankey of <i>Capetown</i>, swam to attach two more lines to the oil wharf.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hurricane also sank the sister-ship of <i>Wistaria</i>, the sloop <a href="HMS_Valerian_(1916)" title="HMS Valerian (1916)"><i>Valerian</i></a>, which was trapped outside of Bermuda's reefline when the storm arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1930, he married Elizabeth Van den Bergh, with whom he had seven children. Roskill served at sea as <a href="Gunnery_officer" title="Gunnery officer">gunnery officer</a> of the carrier <a href="HMS_Eagle_(1918)" title="HMS Eagle (1918)"><i>Eagle</i></a> on the China Station from 1933 to 1935. Afterwards he instructed at the gunnery school <a href="HMS_Excellent_(shore_establishment)" title="HMS Excellent (shore establishment)">HMS <i>Excellent</i></a>, and in 1936 he was given the prize gunnery appointment in the navy, that of the newly reconstructed <a href="Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnought</a> <a href="HMS_Warspite_(03)" title="HMS Warspite (03)"><i>Warspite</i></a> till 1939, was a member of the Naval Staff, 1939–1941, then served as <a href="Executive_officer#United_Kingdom" title="Executive officer">executive officer</a> of <a href="HMNZS_Leander" title="HMNZS Leander">HMNZS <i>Leander</i></a> in 1941–1944.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On 13 July 1943 <i>Leander</i> was part of a task group of predominantly American warships off the <a href="Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, when they engaged a force of <a href="Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> ships. During the action, <i>Leander</i> was <a href="Torpedoed" class="mw-redirect" title="Torpedoed">torpedoed</a> and severely damaged. For his actions in helping keep the ship afloat, Roskill was awarded the <a href="Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_Kingdom)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)">Distinguished Service Cross</a>. In March, 1944 he was promoted acting captain and sent to join the <a href="British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">British Admiralty</a> delegation in <a href="Washington%2C_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> as chief <a href="Staff_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Staff officer">staff officer</a> for administration and weapons. He was the senior British observer at the <a href="Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atomic tests</a> in 1946, and served as Deputy <a href="Naval_Intelligence_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)">Director of Naval Intelligence</a>, 1946–48 before retiring as a captain, due to increasing <a href="Deafness" title="Deafness">deafness</a> caused by exposure to gun detonations.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_as_a_naval_historian">Career as a naval historian</h2></div>

<p>On retiring from <a href="Active_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Active service">active service</a> in 1948, Roskill was appointed by the <a href="Cabinet_Office" title="Cabinet Office">Cabinet Office</a> Historical Section to write the official <a href="Naval_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval history">naval history</a> of the Second World War. His three-volume work <i><a href="History_of_the_Second_World_War" title="History of the Second World War">The War at Sea</a></i> was published between 1954 and 1961.

</p><p>In 1961, Roskill was elected a senior <a href="Research_fellow" title="Research fellow">research fellow</a> of <a href="Churchill_College%2C_Cambridge" title="Churchill College, Cambridge">Churchill College, Cambridge</a>, where he was instrumental in the foundation of the <a href="Churchill_Archives_Centre" title="Churchill Archives Centre">Churchill Archives Centre</a>. The centre holds 300 boxes of Roskill's personal and research papers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After retirement, he was a visiting lecturer at several universities, including being <a href="Lees_Knowles_Lecturer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lees Knowles Lecturer">Lees Knowles Lecturer</a> in 1961, the distinguished visiting lecturer at the <a href="U.S._Naval_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Naval Academy">U.S. Naval Academy</a> in 1965, and Richmond Lecturer at <a href="Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> in 1967. He was elected a vice president of the <a href="Navy_Records_Society" title="Navy Records Society">Navy Records Society</a> in 1964 and an honorary vice president in 1974.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2></div>

<p>Roskill was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross on 21 March 1944 as commander in HMNZS <i>Leander</i> when she was torpedoed in the Pacific. In 1946 he was awarded the American <a href="Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a>. He was made a <a href="Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> in the 1971 New Year Honours List.

</p><p>Roskill received honorary Doctor of Literature degrees from <a href="Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> in 1970, from the <a href="University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a> in 1971, and from <a href="Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> in 1980.

</p><p>He was elected a Fellow of The <a href="British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates_of_rank">Dates of rank</h2></div>

<ul><li>Midshipman - 15 September 1921<sup id="cite_ref-(RN)_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(RN)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Sub-lieutenant - 30 July 1924</li>

<li>Lieutenant - 30 August 1925<sup id="cite_ref-(RN)_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(RN)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Lieutenant-commander - 30 August 1933<sup id="cite_ref-(RN)_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(RN)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Commander - 31 December 1938<sup id="cite_ref-(RN)_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(RN)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Captain - 30 June 1944<sup id="cite_ref-(RN)_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(RN)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2></div>

<ul><li><i>Escort. The <a href="Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></i> by Denys Arthur Rayner and edited by S. W. Roskill (1955)</li>

<li><i>HMS Warspite. The story of a famous battleship</i> (1957) - <a href="HMS_Warspite_(03)" title="HMS Warspite (03)">HMS Warspite</a></li>

<li><i>The Secret Capture</i>. (On the capture of the <a href="German_submarine_U-110_(1940)" title="German submarine U-110 (1940)">German submarine U-110 (1940)</a> during the Second World War). (1959)</li>

<li><i> The War at Sea, 1939–1945</i> Three volumes published from 1954–61 of the British official history series, the <a href="History_of_the_Second_World_War" title="History of the Second World War">History of the Second World War</a>, all edited by <a href="J._R._M._Butler" title="J. R. M. Butler">J. R. M. Butler</a>

<ul><li>Volume 1: The Defensive (1954)</li>

<li>Volume 2: The Period of Balance (1956)</li>

<li>Volume 3: The Offensive, Part 1 (1960)</li>

<li>Volume 3: The Offensive, Part 2 (1961)</li></ul></li>

<li><i>The Navy at War, 1939–1945</i> Published in the US as <i>The White Ensign: The British Navy at War, 1939–1945</i> (1960)</li>

<li><i>The Strategy of Sea Power. Its development and application. Based on the Lees-Knowles Lectures ... 1961</i> (1962)</li>

<li><i>A Merchant Fleet in War.</i> Alfred Holt & Co., 1939–1945. (1962)</li>

<li><i>The Strategy of Sea Power</i> (1962, 1984)</li>

<li><i>The Art of Leadership</i> (1964)</li>

<li><i>Naval Policy Between the Wars.</i>

<ul><li>Vol. 1, <i>The period of Anglo-American antagonism, 1919–1929</i></li>

<li>Vol. 2, <i>The period of reluctant rearmament, 1930–1939</i> (1968, 1976)</li></ul></li>

<li><i>Documents relating to the <a href="Royal_Naval_Air_Service" title="Royal Naval Air Service">Royal Naval Air Service</a></i> (1969)</li>

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</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Hankey: Man Of Secrets (1877–1918)</i>. Vol. I. Collins. 1970. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-00-211327-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Hankey: Man Of Secrets (1919–1931)</i>. Vol. II. Collins. 1972. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-00-211330-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Hankey: Man Of Secrets (1931–1963)</i>. Vol. III. Collins. 1974. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-00-211332-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Eventful_History_of_the_Mutiny_and_Piratical_Seizure_of_HMS_Bounty" title="The Eventful History of the Mutiny and Piratical Seizure of HMS Bounty">The eventful history of the mutiny and piratical seizure of HMS Bounty, its causes and consequences</a></i> by Sir John Barrow - edited with an introduction by S. W. Roskill (1976)</li>

<li><i>Churchill and the admirals</i> (1977, 2004)</li>

<li><i>Admiral of the Fleet Earl Beatty: The Last Naval Hero: An Intimate Biography</i> (1980)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The executive officer (XO) and second-in-command of a <a href="Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">capital ship</a> was known as "the commander".</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStranack,_Royal_Navy1977" class="citation book cs1">Stranack, Royal Navy, Lieutenant-Commander B. Ian D (1977). <i>The Andrew and The Onions: The Story of The Royal Navy in Bermuda, 1795–1975</i>. Bermuda: Island Press Ltd, Bermuda, 1977 (1st Edition); Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, Royal Naval Dockyard Bermuda, Ireland Island, Sandys, Bermuda, 1990 (2nd Edition). p. 113. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780921560036</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStranack,_Royal_Navy1977" class="citation book cs1">Stranack, Royal Navy, Lieutenant-Commander B. Ian D (1977). <i>The Andrew and The Onions: The Story of The Royal Navy in Bermuda, 1795–1975</i>. Bermuda: Island Press Ltd., Bermuda, 1977 (1st Edition); Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, Royal Naval Dockyard Bermuda, Ireland Island, Sandys, Bermuda, 1990 (2nd Edition). <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780921560036</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1">"SAVED THE FLAGSHIP". <i>Edinburgh Evening News</i>. <a href="Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>. 7 October 1943. p. 4. <q>On the day that Admiral Cunningham took over his new job as First Sea Lord one of his young officers of early years was distinguishing himself off the coast of France. Commander Conrad Alers-Hankey was in command of the light forces which routed enemy destroyers off the Sept Isles early on Tuesday.<br>Alers-Hankey won the D.S.C. at Dunkirk when in command of the destroyer Vanquisher. Since then he has been twice mentioned in dispatches.<br>As a sub-lieutenant in the West Indies he once had the distinction of saving the flagship, the cruiser Calcutta. A hurricane parted all the wires securing the Calcutta to the centre mole, and the ship was being swept down on to the jetty. Alers-Hankey dived overboard with a rope secured to a stout hawser. He made fast the hawser, which finally stopped the ship's way. The captain of the Calcutta was Capt. A. B. Cunningham.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-navhist-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-navhist_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMason" class="citation web cs1">Mason, Geoffrey B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-06CL-HMS_Calcutta.htm">"HMS Calcutta - World War 1 C-type light cruiser: including Convoy Escort Movements"</a>. <i>Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2</i>. Naval-history.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article181005900">"The Hurricane: End of H.M.S. Valerian"</a>. <i><a href="The_Daily_Standard_(Brisbane)" title="The Daily Standard (Brisbane)">The Daily Standard</a></i>. Brisbane. 26 October 1926. p. 4.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1814">"The Papers of Stephen Roskill | ArchiveSearch"</a>. <i>archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-(RN)-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-(RN)_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-(RN)_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-(RN)_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-(RN)_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-(RN)_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN_officersR3.html">"Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939–1945"</a>. <i>World War II Unit histories and officers</i>. Hans Houterman & Jeroen Koppes<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Correlli_Barnett" title="Correlli Barnett">Barnett, Correlli</a> (2004). <i></i>in<i> Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGough2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Barry_M._Gough" title="Barry M. Gough">Gough, B. M.</a> (2010). <i>Historical Dreadnoughts: Arthur Marder, Stephen Roskill and Battles for Naval History</i>. Barnsley: Seaforth (Pen and Sword). <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-84832-077-2</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li>Eugene L. Rasor, <i>English/British Naval History since 1815</i>. New York: Garland, 1990, pp. 38–41.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1814">The Papers of Stephen Roskill</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/">Churchill Archives Centre</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/news/2018/jan/11/stephen-roskill-scholar-archivist/">Stephen Roskill: Scholar-Archivist</a></li></ul>

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